Which risk is associated with the transfer of cargo?

The transfer of cargo in a tanker involves specific procedures designed to safely manage large volumes of liquid. Overfilling a cargo tank during the topping-off process is a significant risk because it can lead to overflow, which poses serious environmental hazards, including oil spills, and can also damage the vessel. This scenario is especially critical since many cargoes are hazardous materials that can cause environmental contamination.

Topping-off refers to the practice of filling a tank to its maximum capacity, and if not carefully monitored, it can lead to excessive pressure within the tank or an overflow scenario. Proper monitoring techniques, including the use of sounders and tank gauges, are essential to managing this risk effectively. Managing filling operations with careful attention to capacity limits is fundamental to preventing spills and ensuring safety.

While the other risks mentioned, such as poor vessel stability, delayed transfer procedures, and inadequate crew training, are important considerations in the overall process of cargo transfer, they do not specifically pertain to the immediate consequences of overfilling a cargo tank, which directly relates to operational safety and environmental protection.